Essay on Communication with Dementia Patients - 1829 Words

Communication is usually taken for granted in our every day to day living as we use it without thought. Good communication skills are needed in the workplace and especially with nursing staff to and from patients when giving first hand care. Good or bad communication can make there experience within the health care setting a positive or negative one and can leave a lasting impression. A good health care provider can use there communication skills to put a patient at ease with a few comforting words or gestures, a lack of positive communication in the health care setting could leave the patient feeling neglected, ignored and not valued as a patient. By successfully communication we are able to convey our thoughts and ideas effectively and†¦show more content†¦Nurses and family members need to speak slowly and clearly, in a low pitched voice, maintaining an open friendly communication manner and also using eye contact and touch. Speaking slowly is very important as it allows patients who can’t have a conversation to understand you better, patients with dementia take longer to process information and sentences, so speaking style such as emotion, sound volume and what you say can be the difference between a patient with dementia understanding you and not. It slowly allows the patients enough time to take the words in and process the sentence. Speaking clearly and in a calm voice will help reassure the patient and help them cope with following your words. Speaking clearly and calmly will help relax the patient. A nurse should avoid speaking sharply or raising their voice, as this may distress the person even if they cant follow the sense of your words. Low pitched voice is used to calm the patient and not bring about any distress or frighten them. Low pitched tone can be used to sooth the patient if in any distress. Gaining eye contact with a patient is very important, if they are sitting down kneeling down at there level can be of benefit so they no you are there. This allows the nurse to get their attention and help them focus on the conversation without scaring them. Maintaining eye contact while speaking with the patient can also be of benefit. Love and affection canShow MoreRelatedCommunicating With Patients And Patients950 Words   |  4 PagesCommunicating with patients is part of the crucial role a nurse plays in the healthcare field. This is even more important when trying to communicate with patients who have dementia. It is important that all members of each patients healthcare team are aware of what is going on with their care plan so that when they forget, or get confused, their care plan is able to be explained to them in a consistent way. Shadowing on a complex continuing care unit that specializes in dementia care has been anRead MorePain Management As An Essential Part Of Nursing1583 Words   |  7 Pagesbut it can be challenging when the patients can no longer express their needs. I became aware of this challenge throughout my experience in both clinical and work. During my first clinical rotation, I was assigned to a patient who had severe dementia and could no longer communicate. While providing care to this patient, it was evident that the patient was irritated because she would grimace and sometimes cry out, but it was difficult to determine if the patient was in pain or where the pain was locatedRead MoreThe Effects Of Occupational Therapy On Enhancing Quality Of Life1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Occupational Therapy in Enhancing Quality of Life for Individuals With Dementia Dementia is a chronic syndrome that involves a progressive deterioration of brain function and leaves a person to suffer from not only a cognitive decline but physical, emotional, and behavioral changes as well. There are over ten different types of dementia and each cause significant changes in the make up of the brain and the brain function. Those changes include deposits of protein that form plaquesRead MoreThe Concepts Of Care Within An Area1504 Words   |  7 Pagespractice. Secondly a short description of each of the 6C s providing references to give a more depth understanding, including positives and negatives of the information given. Thirdly providing detail about two of the 6C s and applying them to a dementia practice, showing understanding and knowledge. Lastly a conclusion of the assignment by giving a summary on all the information that has been provided, leading to an overall point. The Mid Staffordshire report was carried out in 2012 under theRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most common form of dementia, which is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). Alzheimer’s is one of the leading causes of death in America. Dementia and Alzheimer’s have been around for centuries, but Alzheimer’s disease wasn’t first described until 1906 by Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer. In the past, there was a stigma for elderly people with the disease and people with dementia and Alzheimer’s were seenRead MoreDementi The Most Common Form Of Progressive Dementia1352 Words   |  6 Pages Dementia is a chronic disorder associated with a decline in cognitive functioning typically characterized by memory impairment, increased communication and language difficulty and decreased motor activity that interferes with activities of daily living. Patients with dementia may also experience agitation, hallucinations, paranoia and difficultly with complex tasks. People with a family history of dementia and older adults are more prone to dementia. Dementia can be reversible or progressive dependingRead MoreDevelopment Of A Service Innovation1692 Words   |  7 Pagesof the report is to discuss the development of a service innovation in a hospital care setting. Therefore the innovation being introduced in the report will focus on the pain management tool for assessing chronic conditions in service users with dementia in hospital settings. As pain is a very subjective experience it is important that the tool is specifically based on the individual’s own way of expressing and communicating their pain in relation to their chronic conditions. The first sectionRead MoreThe Common Types Of Dementia1013 Words   |  5 PagesDementia can be defined as a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life (alz.org). More than often, individuals affected by dementia are over the age of 65. In the United States, there are more than three million cases of dementia each year. According to World Health Organization, the number of people living with dementia is currently estimated at 47.5 million worldwide and is expected to increase to 75.6 million by 2030 (World Health Organization 2015). Dementia is causedRead MoreWhat I Learned And Acquired From The University856 Words   |  4 Pagesfeeling with the actual patients. They gave me feedback about my communication and problem solving skills, which I think is very important in the nursing career. I found that there were many situations, which taught me valuable knowledge that I can never learn from books or university. Every placement provided me valuable experien ce. Now I can be confident in my communication skills and decision-making, as these practices have taught me the way to approach and talk to patients. These have given me aRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Dementia987 Words   |  4 PagesAn estimated 47.5 million people suffer from dementia. Every 4 seconds one new case of dementia is diagnosed. Dementia is a term that describes certain symptoms such as impairment to memory, communication and thinking. It is a group of symptoms and not just one illness. Even though one‘s chance of getting dementia increase with age, it is not a part of aging. Dementia is usually diagnosed after a series of assessments that includes a physical evaluation, memory tests, imaging studies and blood

Descriptive Essay On Fear - 1809 Words

An unpleasant emotion or feeling caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat : Fear. Fear is a strong word, it can mean a variety of things and lead to a variety of things depending on who you are. My fear caused me to shake and tremble as if the world was coming to an end. It makes me feel safe around no one. I look back on my life and ask myself, was it all worth it for this? It makes me shrink and fall the size of of a humming bird. My stomach starts to feel like it never has before. My head is spinning in circles and my hands are trembling to the point where I think they might fall off. Fear, my fear was heights and I was terrified of them. Of course, I hadn t always been afraid†¦show more content†¦I started getting into other fun things to do that didn t involve going high up and it worked life was still good without being high up. And I knew was going to be okay because it not like I had to go anywhere high up, but that where I was wrong†¦ The summer of 2016 was the year my parents wanted to do a family trip somewhere and I was so excited because today was the day they were gonna tell us where we were going. I was hoping somewhere warm like the beach or some sporting event like a Cavs game or something of that relation. My parents voice then interrupted my thoughts and I heard the words Cedar Point and I thought my heart stopped. For those of you who don t know Cedar Point is one of the biggest roller coaster parks in the world or an other words for someone who is afraid of heights Cedar Point equals death. When parents told me my heart skipped a beat, at first I didn t say anything and my parents were confused I guess they expected me to be excited. But the thing was I never really told my parents about this new recent fear I had because I knew that if I did I they would for sure make fun of me. So I tried to play it off and act like I was a little excited. After explaining the details of the trip to me and my sisters , my parents told me I could bring a few friends so I guess that made the trip a little bit better. So I called up some of my friends and they said they would be ready to go the nextShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About Fear824 Words   |  4 Pagesthat fills a body at this time, arise because of fear. No one can’t help to calm those until the results of those sensations are known. So, can fear come from good things? When I was younger, I was never afraid of anything. I would climb trees and jump out of them with no fear. I climbed a two-story house and then climbed down, from the roof of the garage, and then back up to my bedroom. I would jump out of the windows on this house also. I had no fear that I could get hurt. I would swing as high asRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Fear1511 Words   |  7 PagesI have this fear. It causes my legs to shake. I break out in a cold sweat. I start jabbering to anyone who is nearby. As thoughts of certain death run through my mind, the world appears a precious, treasured place. I imagine my own funeral, then shrink back at the implications of where my thoughts are taking me. My stomach feels strange. My palms are clammy. I am terrified of heights. Of course, it’s not really a fear of being in a high place. Rather, it is the view of a long way to fall, of rocksRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Fear1653 Words   |  7 PagesFear consumes me every moment of every day and with everything I do in my life. I am scared of failing, speaking, socializing, cooking, swimming, riding a bike, driving, death, and being alone. My mom says I have an active imagination but everyone else seems to think that I have a mental problem. This year is my last year of high school and then I am on my own in a big, bad world full of terrible things. Something inside of me takes over. I’ve been to many psychiatric doctors but they do absolutelyRead MoreNarrative Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative Essay *What is a Narrative Essay? †¢ Narrative writing tells a story. In essays, the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the authors values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. †¢ The author may write about: -An experience or event from his or her past. -A recent or ongoing experience or event. Read MoreSummary Of Once More To The Lake840 Words   |  4 PagesIn his essay â€Å"Once More to the Lake,† author E.B. White reflects on experiences he has had throughout his life at a family vacation spot. Although he writes the essay as an adult, he focuses on many childhood experiences with his father at the lake, comparing them to experiences he is having at same lake with his son. White begins by recalling his first time at the lake. He examines the similarities and differences between the two generations of lake experiences through rhetorical techniques inRead MoreRhinoceros Beetle788 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 2 Essay One Charles. Oryema Question: Worlds within texts often prompt us to question the worlds outside texts. Write an essay in response to this statement with reference to at least one short story you have studied. â€Å"Rhinoceros Beetle† by Susan Hawthorne is a story about a boy’s childhood obsession which becomes a reality when he grows into a man. The story presents ideas and assumptions which viewers can relate toRead MoreThe Task Of Composing A Descriptive Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesRecently, my Composition I teacher assigned the class the task of composing a descriptive essay. This led me to the question, â€Å"what is a descriptive essay?† What topic could I possible write about for three whole pages? What have I done, seen, or experience that could fill these three long pages? My life thus far has been quite sheltered, so this has created quite the dilemma for me. Being that I am supposed to be descriptive, I feel the need to describe the stress that this has created for me. My physicalRead MoreTragedy : A Great Topic1061 Words   |  5 Pagesfor as in bodies, thus in souls, we find what wants in blood and spirit, swelled with wind: Pride, where Wit fails, st eps in to our defence, and fills up all the mighty Void of sense.† (Page 702 Lines 1-10). This is a quote from Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Criticism. Alexander Pope wrote poetry. His favorite topic was informative. In this poem the first fourteen lines are about pride, stanza two is about the lack of learning. He also talks about wit, judging a book by the cover, how hard it is toRead MoreTension in Chapter 6 of to Kill a Mockingbird734 Words   |  3 PagesMockingbird’, Harper Lee cleverly uses a variety of literary techniques and devices to create tension prior to the shooting. This essay discusses the language devices used and its effectiveness on the reader of the text. The techniques that Harper Lee predominately used in chapter six include short sentences and also dramatic and effective words. The author was also very descriptive whilst describing the setting, which is essential in building tension. Harper Lee was also telling the reader what the charact erRead MoreThe Invasion, By James S. Hirsch1347 Words   |  6 Pages The explosion of racial violence that engulfed Tulsa, Oklahoma is arguably one of the worst cases in U.S. history. This essay will focus on the violence, economic destruction, social humiliation, and racial discrimination in Tulsa’s black community using the in-text essay, â€Å"The Invasion†, by James S. Hirsch. This history consists of the police actions to elevate the violence, and how white leaders attempted to maintain the status quo in Tulsa. Racial inequality during this period of time was immense

Kath Walker’s We Are Gloing Free Essays

Basically the theme of the poem is the Aboriginals oppression. The fact they have had to give up on their old way of life and let go of the world that used to be theirs. The Aboriginals knew â€Å"We belong here, we are of the old ways† but eventually through white civilisation and development this life is â€Å"Gone and scattered,† everything is gone and now they had to leave. We will write a custom essay sample on Kath Walker’s We Are Gloing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In summary, the theme of this poem is the oppression experienced by the Indigenous population that resulted in a loss of culture and life for the Indigenous now â€Å"gone and scattered. One example of a technique in the poem includes repetition such as that of the word ‘gone. ‘ The word gone typifies the themes of loss and it’s repetition enforces this concept. Other techniques include alliteration such as ‘silent and subdued,’ similes such as â€Å"Where now the many white men hurry about like ants,† capitalisation of the word Thunder, six stanza structure, first person narration etc. Good luck! The obvious technique is slow deliberate repetition. This reinforces the ancient sigh of a people dispossessed. All that is sacred has been violated. A history is being expunged. Alliteration: subdued and silent ( we even faintly hear the shush) Simile: white men hurry about like ants There are metaphors used by the naive speaker in this poem. They are the land, the elements, the fauna, the flora and the history. The warning is all this heart will be gone if the white man has his way. Kath Walker was right. Her warning was not heard. And they are gone! 1. Explain why they are â€Å"silent and subdued†. 2. How are white men represented? Why? 3. What is a bora ring and explain why it is so central to this poem. 4. Explain their reaction in line 8. 5. Lines 9-17 begin a ‘litany’. What is the effect produced? 6. Comment on the significance of metaphors used in the poem. 7. Comment on the structure and form of this poem. 8. Why does Thunder have a capital letter? 9. Comment on the mood and atmosphere created here. 10. Combine comments on its theme, title and conclusion. Answers 1. They were silent and subdued because little remained of their tribe and many strangers were busy at work like ants. 2. The white men were represented as ants because they were busy at work and hurrying around. 3. A bora ring is where an initiation is performed and is hardened earth done by foot which is surrounded by raised embankments in a formation of a circle and it is central because the bora ring is not being respected as a sign says, â€Å"Rubbish maybe tipped here†. 4. Their reaction meant that to the white men they are strangers and are treated like they don’t belong in Australia but the Aboriginals feel that the white men are the strangers and are in their land. 5. It gives an effect of showing their side of really saying that they are the real natives of Australia and not the white men and that now that they are the past. 6. It compares and shows how the Aboriginals feel. 7. It has six stanzas and has no rhyming pattern. 8. The emphasis the word as thunder is really the loud terrifying sound as a result of lightning. 9. They are in the fresh air of Australia near the Bora Ring and the mood is of sadness and subduedness because of how the Bora Ring is being mistreated. 10. ‘We are going’ are the three words in the title, conclusion and theme and portrays how the life of the Aboriginals would be as the Aboriginals are not welcome to their own homeland therefore they are saying that they will leave their old ways and be cast upon a low unwanted class forever. How to cite Kath Walker’s We Are Gloing, Papers

Prejudice exhibited in Of Mice And Men Essay Example For Students

Prejudice exhibited in Of Mice And Men Essay Everywhere you look there is prejudice, you may be the wrong colour, worship the wrong God or wear the wrong thing. No-one fits into our idealistic world perfectly. This prejudice has been around for thousands of years because it is just human nature not to accept people for who they are. In Of Mice And Men there are several different levels of prejudice shown, all contributing to the failure of the American dream. The main types of prejudice shown in this novel are racial, sexual and social prejudice. This essay is firstly going to look at racial prejudice. There is much racial prejudice shown in Of Mice And Men towards Crooks the black crippled stable buck. Crooks is more permanent than the other ranch hands and has his own room off the stables with many more possessions than them. This room is made out to be a privilege and also because it means he is nearer to the horses but in fact it is really because the other ranch hands do not want him in the bunk house with them. As a result of this prejudice Crooks has become bitter and very lonely. When Lennie comes to pet the puppies, not even realising that Crooks room is out of bounds, Crooks instantly becomes defensive and uncivil I aint wanted in the bunk room and you aint wanted in my room but Lennie in his childish innocence is completely without prejudice Why aint you wanted he asks. Crooks retaliates to this with: Cause Im black, they play cards in there but I cant play because Im black. They say I stink. Well I tell you, all of you stink to me This line showing that Crooks desperately wants to join in, be accepted, but because of his colour he cant and so he feels the only way he can make himself feel better is to cut himself off further, it is a vicious circle. When Crooks realises that Lennie means no harm he invites him to Come on in and set a while Lennie begins to talk about George and his dream, it makes Crooks reminisce to his childhood which he looks on as a kind of paradise. The white kids come to play at our place, an sometimes I went to play with them and some of them were pretty nice. My ol man didnt like that. I never knew till long later why he didnt like that. But I know now. Crooks didnt experience racism directly in his childhood, making his current situation even worse. Crooks is fascinated by the strength of the friendship of Lennie and George, especially how close they are. Crooks said, Well, spose, jus spose he dont come back. Whatll you do then? Crooks asks these questions because he does not have any friends, and wouldnt know how losing them unexpectedly would feel. He was curious and envious, about the friendship of Lennie and George, noticing that Lennie is retarded, he takes advantage of this situation to torture him mentally, to make him feel better and ease the pain of having other reject him Crooks face lighted with pleasure at his torture he also does this to ease his jealousy towards the friendship Lennie has, but that he, Crooks, will probably never have. He wants the people to feel the way that he does, completely alone. Crooks goes on to talk about his loneliness A guy needs somebody-to be near him He whined: A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you he cried I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick Crooks is looking for sympathy, he is so incredibly lonely even to the point to saying that loneliness can make you ill. .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 , .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 .postImageUrl , .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 , .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17:hover , .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17:visited , .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17:active { border:0!important; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17:active , .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17 .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c6f81c63e28c475db74c078c975ba17:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Obama 's Speech : Speech EssayGeorge continues to talk about his dream. Crooks, having been on the ranch for quite a while, has witnessed a lot of people with the same dream, he ridicules it Nobody ever gets to heaven, and nobody never gets no land but when Candy comes in and backs up what George has been saying he begins to believe in the dream If youguys want

Importance of Control in Business Organizations. free essay sample

Define control and discuss the control process and the importance of control in business organizations. * Define control Management  process  in which the (1) actual  performance is compared with planned performance, (2) difference between the two is measured, (3)  causes  contributing to the difference are identified, and (4)  corrective action  is taken to eliminate or minimize the difference Control Process The  control  process  is a continuous flow in Taj between measuring, comparing and action. Naturally Taj follows the four  steps in the  control  process: establishing performance standards, measuring actual performance, comparing measured performance against established standards, and taking corrective action. Step 1:  Establish Performance Standards. Tajs  Standards are created when objectives are set during the planning process. Its  standard  is a guideline established as the basis for measurement. It is a precise, explicit statement of expected results from a product, service, machine, individual, or organizational unit. It is usually expressed numerically and is set for quality, quantity, and time. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Control in Business Organizations. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tolerance  is permissible deviation from the standard.  ·Ã‚  Time controls  relate to deadlines and time constraints. Material controls  relate to inventory and material-yield controls. Equipment controls  are built into the machinery, imposed on the operator to protect the equipment or the  process. Cost controls  help ensure cost standards are met. Employee performance controls focus on actions and behaviors of individuals and groups of employees. Examples include absences, tardiness, accidents, quality and quantity of work. Budgets control  cost or expense related standards. They identify quantity of materials used and units to be produced.  ·Ã‚  Financial controls  facilitate achieving the organizations profit motive. One method of financial controls is budgets. Budgets allocate resources to important activities and provide supervisors with quantitative standards against which to compare resource consumption. They become  control  tools by pointing out deviations between the standard and actual consumption.  ·Ã‚  Operations  control  methods  assess how efficiently and effectively an organizations transformation processes create goods and services. Methods of transformation controls includeTotal Quality Management  (TQM) statistical  process  control  and the inventory managementcontrol. Statistical  process  control  is the use of statistical methods and procedures to determine whether production operations are being performed correctly, to detect any deviations, and to find and eliminate their causes. A  control  displays the results of measurements over time and provides a visual means of determining whether a specific  process  is staying within predefined limits. As long as the  process  variables fall within the acceptable range, the system is in  control. Measurements outside the limits are unacceptable or out of  control. Improvements in quality eliminate common causes of variation by adjusting the system or redesigning the system. Inventory is a large cost for Taj like other manufacturing firms. The appropriate amount to order and how often to order impact the firms bottom line. The economic order quantity model (EOQ) is a mathematical model for deriving the optimal purchase quantity. The EOQ model seeks to minimize total carrying and ordering costs by balancing  purchase costs, ordering costs, carrying costs  andstock out costs. In order to compute the economic order quantity, the supervisor needs the following information: forecasted demand during a period cost of placing the order, that value of the purchase price, and the carrying cost for maintaining the total inventory.  · The just-in-time (JIT) system is the delivery of finished goods just in time to be sold, subassemblies just in time to be assembled into finished goods, parts just in time to go into subassemblies, and purchased materials just in time to be transformed into parts. Communication, coordination, and cooperation are required from supervisors and employees to deliver the smallest possible quantities at the latest possible date at all stages of the transformation  process  in order to minimize inventory costs. Step 2:  Measure Actual Performance. Supervisors collect data to measure actual performance to determine variation from standard. Written data might include time cards, production tallies, inspection reports, and sales tickets. Personal observation, statistical reports, oral reports and written reports can be used to measure performance. Management by walking around, or observation of employees working, provides unfiltered information, extensive coverage, and the ability to read between the lines. While providing insight, this method might be misinterpreted by employees as mistrust. Oral reports allow for fast and extensive feedback. In Taj computers give supervisors direct access to real time, unaltered data, and information. On line systems enable supervisors to identify problems as they occur. Database programs allow supervisors to query, spend less time gathering facts, and be less dependent on other people. Supervisors have access to information at their fingertips. Employees can supply progress reports through the use of networks and electronic mail. Statistical reports are easy to visualize and effective at demonstrating relationships. Written reports provide comprehensive feedback that can be easily filed and referenced. Computers are important tools for measuring performance. In fact, many operating processes depend on automatic or computer-driven  control  systems. Impersonal measurements can count, time, and record employee performance. Step 3:  Compare Measured Performance against Established Standards. Comparing results with standards determines variation. Some variation can be expected in all activities and therange of variation   the acceptable variance has to be established. Management by exception  lets operations continue as long as they fall within the prescribed  control  limits. Deviations or differences that exceed this range would alert the supervisor to a problem. Step 4:  Take Corrective Action. The supervisor must find the cause of deviation from standard. Then, he or she takes action to remove or minimize the cause. If the source of variation in work performance is from a deficit in activity, then a supervisor can take immediate corrective action and get performance back on track. Also, the supervisors can opt to take basic corrective action, which would determine how and why performance has deviated and correct the source of the deviation. Immediate corrective action is more efficient; however basic corrective action is the more effective.â€Å"The continuous flow of information about projects keeps the long range of planning on the right track. It helps in taking corrective actions in future if the performance is not up to the mark. † The control function helps business management in various ways. It guides the management in achieving pre-determined goals. The control process also ensures the efficiency of various functions. The shortcoming in various fields is also reported for taking corrective measures. Control provides basis for future action. The continuous flow of information about projects keeps the long range of planning on the right track. It helps in taking corrective actions in future if the performance is not up to the mark. It also enables management to avoid repetition of past mistakes. Whenever there is deviation between standard and actual performance the control helps in deciding the future course of action. A decision about follow-up action is also facilitated. Decentralization of authority is necessary in big enterprises. The management cannot delegate authority without ensuring proper control. The targets or goals of various departments are used as a control technique. If the work is going on satisfactory then top management should not feel worried. The management by exception enables top management to concentrate on policy formulation. Various control techniques like budgeting, cost control, pre action approvals etc. allow decentralization without losing control over activities. Control helps in coordination of activities through unity of action. Every manager will try to coordinate the activities of his subordinates in order to achieve departmental goals. Similarly the chief executive also coordinates the functioning of various departments. The control acts as a check on the performance and proper results are achieved only when activities are coordinated. The control system helps in improving organizational efficiency. Various control devices act as motivators to managers. The performance of every person is regularly monitored and any deficiency if present is corrected at the earliest. Controls put psychological pressure on persons in the organization. Everybody knows that his performance is regularly evaluated and he will try to improve upon his previous work. The rewards and punishments are also linked with performance. The employees will always be under pressure to improve upon their work. Since performance measurements one of the important tools of control, it ensure that every person ties to maximize his contribution

Free Essays on Seeing The Invisible

Black Holes are mysterious objects which are located throughout the universe. They are commonly known and widely debated by theoretical astronomers as â€Å"gravitic anomalies† in which matter enters, but does not leave. They are sources of gravity that are so strong, not even light can escape its powerful pull. They have been studied by famous intellectuals such as Stephen Hawking and Albert Einstein. They have been described as â€Å"worm holes† to other dimensions, as well as the â€Å"final frontier.† It is something which we can not know about, and it stirs our curiosity and makes us search even harder for answers. In recent years astronomers, astrophysicists, and a curious, if somewhat bewildered, general public have witnessed a number of exciting developments that Robert M. Wald claims â€Å"has shaped our ideas of space, time, and gravity.† Part of this â€Å"reshaping of ideas† comes through new innovations in the detection of Black Holes. The earliest means of detection, and the one responsible for locating the most black holes, has come from observing binary systems which contain one. In these systems there is a normal star in a close orbit with another body which is not seen optically. The existence of the second body is inferred from the periodic Doppler shift of the spectral lines of the visible star (Wald 111). The unseen body was cause of speculation, and evidence of its true nature was first found in 1970. Between 1970 and 1977, when satellites which could detect X-rays were first orbited, about ten X-ray sources have been identified with binary star systems (Wald 112). These orbiting satellites could detect intense energy which can only come from one place. Stellar material from a companion star, swirling toward the edge of a black hole, is compressed and superheated, causing it to radiate in intense X-ray streams, an energy that space observatories can detect and measure. The binary X-ray source which has re ceived the gr... Free Essays on Seeing The Invisible Free Essays on Seeing The Invisible Black Holes are mysterious objects which are located throughout the universe. They are commonly known and widely debated by theoretical astronomers as â€Å"gravitic anomalies† in which matter enters, but does not leave. They are sources of gravity that are so strong, not even light can escape its powerful pull. They have been studied by famous intellectuals such as Stephen Hawking and Albert Einstein. They have been described as â€Å"worm holes† to other dimensions, as well as the â€Å"final frontier.† It is something which we can not know about, and it stirs our curiosity and makes us search even harder for answers. In recent years astronomers, astrophysicists, and a curious, if somewhat bewildered, general public have witnessed a number of exciting developments that Robert M. Wald claims â€Å"has shaped our ideas of space, time, and gravity.† Part of this â€Å"reshaping of ideas† comes through new innovations in the detection of Black Holes. The earliest means of detection, and the one responsible for locating the most black holes, has come from observing binary systems which contain one. In these systems there is a normal star in a close orbit with another body which is not seen optically. The existence of the second body is inferred from the periodic Doppler shift of the spectral lines of the visible star (Wald 111). The unseen body was cause of speculation, and evidence of its true nature was first found in 1970. Between 1970 and 1977, when satellites which could detect X-rays were first orbited, about ten X-ray sources have been identified with binary star systems (Wald 112). These orbiting satellites could detect intense energy which can only come from one place. Stellar material from a companion star, swirling toward the edge of a black hole, is compressed and superheated, causing it to radiate in intense X-ray streams, an energy that space observatories can detect and measure. The binary X-ray source which has re ceived the gr...

Research methods and ICT Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research methods and ICT - Literature review Example Hence, health care sector is increasingly utilising the power of information and communication technology (ICT). The emerging trend suggest that an informatics based integrated health care service network is not very far away. The National Health Service (NHS) of UK is rapidly advancing in this direction. It has a clear approach and the target is to integrate the health care services with ICT to ensure highest order of efficiency. â€Å"For 2008-2009, the main NHS spending figure was ?1.63 billion, but this does not cover all spending on ICT by the health service.† (Marsden, 2010). This proves that the urge to develop an integrated information technology (IT) based framework for the health care processes is significant. The main focus of this enormous fiscal spending is on NHS. â€Å"The ?1.63 billion spend by user base comes out with strategic health authorities bottom at ?27 million, primary care trusts ?682 million and far away in the lead, NHS trusts at ?915 million.† (Marsden, 2010) However, the spending patterns of the government have attracted criticisms as well. There are allegations that the overseas companies like â€Å"CSC, Fujitsu and Atos appear to have been the biggest beneficiaries of NHS IT spending, with the former raking in a whopping ?232m for its work during the period.† (Muncaster, 2010). ... tronic care record for patients and to connect 30000 general practitioners to 300 hospitals, providing NHS CFH (Connecting for Health) is responsible for delivering this programme. In due course it is planned that patients will also have access to their records online through a service called HealthSpace. NHS CFH agency will create the world’s biggest civil information technology programme.† (White, 2010). To comprehend this sort of planning, review of the NHS structure becomes critical. â€Å"NHS is divided into two sections: primary and secondary care. Primary care is the first point of contact for most people and is delivered by a wide range of independent contractors, including GPs (General Physicians), dentists, pharmacists and optometrists. Secondary care is known as acute healthcare and can be either elective care or emergency care. Elective care means planned specialist medical care or surgery, usually following referral from a primary or community health profes sional such as a GP.† (National Health Service, 2009). Thus, it can be concluded that the NHS functionary is rather diversified. It consists of primary care trusts (control eighty percent of the total budget of NHS), acute trusts, care trusts, mental health trusts and agencies like NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) (National Health Service, 2009). Hence, the technical aspect of the ICT integration process will involve synchronisation of diverse agencies, offices and hospitals. Database management is crucial, since the knowledge handling systems will have to distribute, display, retrieve, organise, keep and acquire current knowledge. This would provide the clinicians, GPs, and researchers with updated information. The patients will be able to access and retrieve their

Improvement of Graduation Rates of Senior High School Research Proposal

Improvement of Graduation Rates of Senior High School - Research Proposal Example According to City-Data (2009), the population consists of 84.3% Caucasians, 4.8% African American, 4.1% Hispanics, and 3.5% Asian. The estimated median household income is $36,718. Kansas median household income is $47,817 and the estimated median house or condo value in 2009 is $172,746 which was $93,700 in 2000 (City-Data, 2009). The cost of living in Manhattan is significantly lesser than the US average. In Manhattan, the index of the cost of living is 83.5 as compared to 100, which is the average index in the US (City-Data, 2009, para 1). The Bangkok High school district’s goals are increased graduation rates for senior high school student. The areas of concern include improving passing the end of year exam percentage from 68.8% to 75% (Bangkok School, 2009). Description of Work Setting The action research project will take place with senior high school in the Bangkok High School located in Manhattan, Kansas. The Bangkok High School consists of grades 10 through 12. The mi ssion of Bangkok High School is to prepare students for a positive and successful life, whether that be in college or the workforce, after their graduation. Our goal is to provide students with a structured curriculum, state of the art technology, and high expectations to succeed. Furthermore, students will also learn to become independent and responsible citizens who are capable of handling difficult emotional and social situations with a positive and productive disposition. (The Bangkok High School Mission, 2009). The student enrollment in the Bangkok High School is approximately 1,715, there are 168 certified and non-certified personnel, and the number of students with each teacher is 22 (Bangkok School, 2009). There are 74 full-time teachers on staff with 50 existing classrooms (Bangkok School, 2009). The twelfth grade’s enrollment is 554 students, with 30 full-time teachers. All students and teachers are a partaker in this research project on this senior high school camp us (Bangkok School, 2009). In this research project, 200 students who are unprepared for the end of year exam, 30 students in depression, and another 30 who frequently miss school will be included. Writer’s Role The writer has a Bachelor of Science in Education degree majoring in Health Education from Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand and has a 1-year teaching experience. Chapter II: Study of the Problem Problem Description The senior high school students have failed the end of year exam and only 68.8% managed to receive a high school diploma during the 2009-2010 school year. This is a one-semester study. Problem Documentation The documentation comes from a report on and the end of year test score, an observation report on the students with depression, and an attendant’s report on the end of year exam. 381 of the 554 senior high schools students (68.8%) received a high school diploma. As many as 173 out of the 554 senior high schools students (31.2%) failed the ir end of year exam. 13% of the senior high school's students (22) were absent on their end of year exam. 22% of the senior high school's students (110) were unprepared to assume the responsibility for their learning and failed their end of year exam, and 15% of the senior high school's students with depression (25) failed their end of year exam.  

Frank Gilbreth and his contributions to Management History Research Paper

Frank Gilbreth and his contributions to Management History - Research Paper Example Secondly, Lillian Gilberth made major contributions to the psychology of management. Thirdly, both before and after the death of her husband, Lillian was an active teacher – she trained some of the most significant figures in the world of business. Additionally, she was a significant role model for women in management in her later years (Witzel, 145). After graduating from Boston English High School, Gilbreth later worked for Whidden and Company Construction as a bricklayer’s apprentice. Later, beginning 1895, he founded Frank Gilbreth construction and became its president until 1911. The company put up projects throughout the US. Beginning the year 1912, Gilbreth and his wife formed Gilbreth Consulting Incorporated. While he was working at Whidden Construction, Gilbreth did not find satisfaction with simply learning a skill but yearned to get to know the reason as to why his instructors used different motions as they taught him to lay a brick while when working alone, they used only one set of motion to lay a brick (Witzel, 209). He also realized that the bricklayers were using three dissimilar sets of motions – one for teaching bricklaying to others, a second while working at a slow speed, and a third while working at a quickly (Nelson.com, 9). These observations saw the start of Gilbreth’s groundbreaking work in the study of motion as well as ergonomics (the scientific workplace layout that reduces fatigue and improves work performance at the same time) and brought about his invention. While he was only 24, Gilbreth received the first of numerous patents for what he referred to as his â€Å"non-stooping scaffold†. He designed the scaffold with the aim of improving the rate at which workers laid bricks. As he observed bricklayer’s movements, Gilbreth came to the realization that it was possible to reduce the number of individual movements that workers made while moving every brick to the wall they were building from t he pallet. This would culminate into a double impact of reducing the amount of energy that they would have to use in addition to accelerating the work (Witzel, 209 & Witzel, 144-145). He started studying the various approaches and started doing away with those motions that were not necessary. For instance, he designed a stand that workers could raise to waist height, which eliminated the motion of stooping to lift each brick (Nelson.com, 9). Witzel explains that before Gilbreth’s design, bricklayers used most of their time stooping to lift bricks and then mortar, which they kept beside their feet. Gilbreth’s invention added a second level at the waist height of the workers to aid in storing materials. The scaffold would be hoisted in such a way that the top of the wall that workers were building was even with their torsos at all times. Instead of bending down now and then, workers would only turn and grab the bricks and this was easier and faster (Nelson.com, 9). The m ost significant fact was that the design deliberately decreased the amount of fatigue as well as stress on the backs of the workers – they were able to lay more bricks daily, with less exhaustion, chiefly in terms of back strain (Witzel, 209). Additionally, by giving those workers whose salaries were low the duty of putting all the bricks with their most attractive side facing

Social development in India

Social development in India Introduction India has a population of 1.18 billion individuals which contribute to 17.31 percent of worlds population (Sarina, 2005). Indias electricity energy consumption is more than 145,000 Mega watts which accounts to not less than 3.5 per cent of the global energy consumption placing it at sixth position in global energy consumption. In attempts to meet energy needs various power plants generate energy as follows. Coal contributes 53 per cent, oil accounts for 31 per cent, hydroelectric power plants accounts for 6 percent while natural gas, nuclear and other renewable contribute 8 percent, 1 percent and 1 percent respectively. Supply for electricity energy in India has usually been outstripped by its demand on 7 to 11 percent mark.Indeed, only 40 to 44 percent of the total rural households access electricity. India imports an amazing 71 percent of its oil needs from Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Yemen, Kuwait and Iran among other countries totaling about 1.8million bb/d per annum. The country wil l be in demand of 400, 000 mega watts by 2020 and more than 950, 000 mega watts of power by 2030. The government of India has expressed its 2012 mission of power for all. The 2012 mission on power is expected to enhance achievement of 8 per cent growth in gross domestic product. Rural electrification in states of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Uttranchal among others is almost complete. With the aforementioned facts and cost implications regarding power inadequacy in India, there is dire need of the government exploring more energy sources. Among the less explored yet cheap source of energy is the bio gas energy (Khusro et al, 2005). Background on biogas energy According to Deublein Steinhauser (2008), biogas originates from biogenic materials where the gas generated through breakdown of organic matter in absence of oxygen. Biogas is a bio fuel. The first biogenic plant was built in 1859 in Bombay India. It was however in England that the biogenic plant was utilized in electricity generation that lit streets in Exeter. In India, the first biogas plant was established in the vicinity of Mumbai although the undertaking was a mere sewerage treatment project. The biogas plant in India may have started generating energy in 1897 although full experimentation occurred in the late 1930s. The said gas can be manufactured by use of anaerobic digesters that are fed with biodegradable wastes or energy crops like maize silage. During production of biogas, biomass waste material is transformed into methane. The energy is renewable and can be used in various forms of internal combustion engine such as heating and electricity. In fact biogas energy has a 60 percent potential thermal efficiency when used under appropriate aeration and equipment as compared to dung and wood that has 11 percent and 17 percent respectively. The perceived relative cheap cost of maintenance of the biogas plant has proved favorable to India poor villagers. Dissemination of bio gas plants Biogas plants have been put up in India since 1960s although the notable dissemination was realized in 1981 after the formation of national project on biogas development. This notable dissemination was probably a reflection of fuel-wood shortage in the country at the time. The government of India considers biogas technology as a tool to alleviate rural poverty and a stimulant rural development. The government through the relevant bodies has facilitated setting up of approximately two and a half million biogas plants across the country. However, large scale production of biogas technology is yet to be realized. According to Pachauri (2007), use of biogas for cooking only accounts for 3 and 2 percents for Indias urban and rural populations. The later is definitely an indication that biogas as an alternative fuel is poorly disseminated. Generally, dissemination of biogas technology is through system of concessions and subsidies despite the differences among states. There are also commun ity plants for biogas disseminations which have achieved considerable success levels. However, community plants face logistical challenges in their coordination as well as political feuds. Indeed, biogas programs may not meet the needs of the marginalized and poorest populations since technical requirements for establishment and maintenance of viable plants are inaccessible to them. Although the government assists in biogas plants establishments, its effect has not been felt in many poor homesteads. Challenges facing biogas production and use in India Only five percent of the total population utilizes biogas technology. The rate of success is higher among urban population. Higher levels of success are realized in urban places mainly because of two factors (Nijaguna, 2002). The first reason is that the urban population is more informed of the benefits of biogas technology as compared with other sources of energy. Second, poverty level is lower in urban set-ups as compared to rural areas. The initial capital for establishing a biogas plant and the associated dissemination is usually high for the poor rural populations. Failure of the biogas technology in utilizing its full potential in India is attributed to several factors. To start with, harsh climatic conditions that cause drought reduce availability of dung which is the most common raw material for biogas plant. Drought results to death and forced sale of cattle subsequently reducing dung availability. Second, biogas plants are faced with winter seasons which inhibit methanogene sis process which is responsible in biogas production. Third, many plants are shoddy constructed rendering them faulty and non-functional. Shoddy construction may be attributed to irresponsibility among government officers charged with overseeing construction of community biogas plants as well as other undertakings related to biogas plants establishment. In addition, many individuals lack the necessary expertise in construction and operation. This has led to eventual failure of biogas plants due to such mal practices such as construction of extensively large plants and subsequent underfeeding of the plant with dung. Furthermore, use of cattle in the fields poses a challenge to the collection of dung for biogas plants. Scope of bio gas India has approximately four hundred and ninety million livestock species comprising of buffalo, cattle, sheep and pig among others. In fact, livestock in India accounts for 53 percent in buffalo population and close to 16 percent of cattle population. Due to utilization of livestock for other purposes, only 35 percent of livestock are reared in a closet enabling dung collection. Ideally, dung deficiency may be supplemented with septic tanks. However the traditional arguments hinder utilization of human feaces in energy production. The raw materials have been used with an average forty seven percent efficiency in production of biogas energy. According to Khusro et al (2005), only half the numbers of constructed biogas plants are functional in producing maximum biogas energy possible. Indeed, in a sample of 1670 biogas plants, 1086 of them were disqualified under feasibility criteria. Types of bio gas plants Biogas has two major varieties classified according to the production process. The earliest biogas plant form was landfill gas (LPG). LPG is produced during decomposition of organic substances. The resultant products are methane gas, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Usually LPG is accidentally produced when biomass is deposited for disposal under normal circumstances. When venting of LPG is uncontrolled during decomposition of disposed biomass on land, re-cultivation of such a land site is hampered. The second biogas plant utilizes sewage sludge. The production process in sewage gas involves fermentation of sludge in septic tanks at temperatures between thirty two and thirty four (Deublein Steinhauser, 2008). The output from the later plant comprises of 55 percent methane, 35 percent carbon dioxide and negligible residue quantities. Sewage gas is purified and compressed if found to contain significant amounts of contaminants before use. Socio economic impacts of bio gas use With the increasing environmental concerns, bio gas plans help in reducing destruction of forests caused by over dependence of firewood as a source of energy. Furthermore, Biogas is a clean form of energy that reduces the concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment. Socially, biogas significantly reduces the burden of women who are usually charged with cooking among the Indian population. Furthermore, although the initial costs of biogas plant establishment are high, the operational and maintenance costs are significantly lower compared to other sources (Chandra, 2004). References Chandra, R. (2004). Social development in India. New Delhi, India: Gyan Publishing House Deublein, D. Steinhauser, A. (2008). Biogas and renewable resources. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley- VCH publisher. Khusro, A., Rao, C., Bhattacharya, B. Siddharthan, N. (2005). Indian economy and society. New Delhi India: Academic Foundation publishers. Nijaguna, B.(2002). Biogas technology. New Delhi, India: New Age international publishers Pachauri, S. (2007). Energy analysis in India. New Delhi, India: Springer publishers. Sarina, S. (2005). India. Melbourne, Australia: Lonely Planet publishers.

Shakespeares Othello - The Character of Iago Essay -- Othello essays

The Character of Iago      Ã‚   In Othello, by William Shakespeare, one of the most intriguing characters is Iago. At first glance he seems to be pure evil, but I think his actions are much more complex. Through thought-out words and actions Iago is able to manipulate others to do things that benefit him and move him closer to his goals. This character is consumed with envy and deceit that leads to theft and killing. Iago is the main driving force in this play, pushing Othello and the other characters towards their tragic endings.    Iago is not your ordinary villain. He is smart and an expert judge of people's character and uses this to his advantage. For example, he knows Roderigo is in love with Desdemona and figures Roderigo would do anything to have her as his own. Iago states, "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse." By playing on his hopes Iago is able to swindle money and jewels from Roderigo, making a substantial profit and making him a pawn in his plan. Iago is also quick on his feet and able to improvise when the unexpected occurs.    Being of smart mind, Iago is quick to recognize the advantages of trust, thus using it as a tool in forwarding his goals. Throughout the play he is often referred to and known as "honest Iago." He even states, "I am an honest man..." Trust is a powerful emotion that can easily be abused. As seen with Othello who, "holds (him) well/The better shall (Iago's) purpose work on him." Iago's use of his trust is greatly abused and beneficial only to him. His "med'cine works! Thus credulous fools are caught..." Iago slowly poisons people's thoughts, implanting ideas in their heads without implication to himself. Iago, a masterful deceiver, says, "And what's he t... ...to be a person "of exceeding honesty, (who) knows all qualities, with learned spirit of human dealings." Iago does know all about human dealings, but he is far from honest. He uses the trust Othello puts into their friendship to turn him into a jealous man. Iago told Othello that his wife was cheating on him thus Othello thought he was killing for justice. He even said he "loved not wisely but too well." When the opportunity occurred Iago was lurking, waiting for the chance to take advantage of Othello. Iago succeeded in destroying all he sought out.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.    Shakespeare, William. "The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice" The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & |Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 2100-2174      

Interview With Special Education Teacher Essay

What she finds to be the most satisfying part of her job is when a parent is involved in their child’s education. This involvement and investment helps the student succeed. Unfortunately, there are many parents who don’t return calls or attend meetings, which really hinders the child’s ability to grow since they are not receiving the same support in the home as in the school. She also mentions how great of a staff she works with in her building. This ranges from speech therapy, hearing/ vision assistance, the counseling office, social workers, the career  center, reading services and numerous teachers. The staff has been meeting as a team for the entire ninth grade this school year because they have found that this class has many emotional needs. It is wonderful that there is a group of dedicated people who truly care for the students they work with. The most frustrating issue she and her team have faced this year is not only the common core curriculum and Annual Professional Performance Review (APPR) mandated by New York State, but also the lack of attendance of many of the students. The staff calls Child Protective. Services (CPS) or Persons In Need of Supervision (PINS) program and takes students to court, but there are no concrete threats. The students know that there is no real consequence for not attending school besides failing. Unfortunately, Niagara County does not take the parents to court as Erie County does. It is unfortunate not to be able to hold the parents accountable for their own child’s education and essentially their well-being. Her advice to those starting out in the education field is to be prepared to work hard for less pay than most other fields. However if it is your passion, love it and live it. The students are the pay, is what she said. There are students that truly appreciate the teacher and to see them enter ninth grade and grow to be successful twelfth graders makes her smile. She is still in contact with many of her students and some even ask her for help in college courses. Parents of past students remain in contact, also. It is nice to know that one person can make a difference in the lives of many students and families, alike. Her main advice would be enter the field and don’t get defeated by all the political issues. It will be hard work, but very rewarding work.

Implication of Integrated Marketing Communications The WritePass Journal

Implication of Integrated Marketing Communications References Implication of Integrated Marketing Communications CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction1.2 Research Aim and Objectives: 1.3 Significance of the Research1.4 Structure of the ResearchCHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Introduction2.2 Marketing Communication2.3 Integrated Marketing Communication2.4 Marketing Communication Process2.5 Factors Affecting the Decision regarding Adoption of Marketing Communication Tool2.6 Theoretical Aspect on Integrated Marketing Communications2.7 Indian Retail Sector and Consumer BehaviourReferencesRelated CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Today, every enterprise looks forward to grow and expand in terms of size, profits, infrastructure, products, market share and customers. Co-ordination and integration among different units such as production, operational activities, finances and marketing are the main requisite in order to achieve overall corporate aim and objectives. It is very necessary for the organisation to be recognized for its products and services in the business and consumer market. Hence, marketing can be regarded as one of the important aspect in every organisation. Marketing can be defined as a process which involves identification, anticipation and satisfaction of customer needs in best possible and profitable way by the management (Smith and Taylor, 2004). However, it can be stated that it is very essential to communicate with the customer in order to acknowledge about company’s products and services. This can be achieved through integration of different channels such as advertisement, internet, exhibitions and direct marketing. These channels are termed as marketing communication tools. These different tools of marketing communication comprise different features, benefits and limitations. This research study will help in assessing the implication of integrated marketing communication tools in the Indian retail sector. Hence, it will help in evaluating different marketing communication tools available for the enterprise in order to influence the customer for the products and services available in the retail industry of India. This research study will provide a detailed explanation about the marketing communication process, models such as single, two step or linear; and tools such as internet, direct marketing and so on. It will help the reader to understand different characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of various communication tools available for the enterprise in order to correspond with changing consumer behaviour and market. This study will also describe about research methodology process and approach adopted by the researcher such as qualitative, quantitative or mixed for collection of data. Findings and analysis would be done by collecting data and information in retail sector, business and consumer market of India in order to draw a conclusion regarding implication of such concept and the most effective marketing communication model or set of different tools. This analysis will help the reader, retailer and researcher in understanding the best possible way of integrating different communication tools in the Indian consumer market. 1.2 Research Aim and Objectives: Research aim can be defined as a general statement which describes the reason for selecting a particular subject matter of the research (Collins, 2010). The main aim of this research study is to evaluate the implication of integrated marketing communication by the practitioners. According to Collins (2010), research objective can be defined as a definite statement related to the defined aim of the research. Hence, in order to achieve the above stated aim, certain objectives are formulated by the researcher which can be described as follow: To identify different marketing communication models and tools available to the enterprises. To describe various features, benefits and limitations associated with every marketing communication tool. To analyse the theoretical aspect on effective implication of integrated marketing communication. To examine the retail sector, business and consumer market of India for the evaluation of implication of integrated marketing communication by the practitioners and to evaluate the most effective marketing communication model or set of different tools. To recommend a justification about the different aspects that assist in choosing an appropriate set of marketing communication tools. 1.3 Significance of the Research This research study would be beneficial for the reader in understanding the subject on marketing communication more rationally. It will describe the concept of implication of marketing communications in the real business environment, particularly in Indian retail sector. Use of required research methodology approaches and tools will help in collecting information and data for better analysis and study. Hence, this research study would be of valuable assistance to marketing department and overall management in the business to understand the significance and purpose of implying marketing communication tools in order to persuade a customer. It will help the reader, corporate management, marketing executives, and retailers in making a decision about the implication of marketing communication tools in the most effective way in the enterprise. This study will also recommend about the explanation about different aspects affecting in choosing the appropriate set of tools. 1.4 Structure of the Research It is easier for the reader to understand a well designed and structured report study. A concise picture about the various contents of the research study is very necessary. For the above reason, the researcher has presented the following short outlook of each chapter in this research study. The above figure describes all the chapters categorized by the researcher in this research study to facilitate the conduct of this study in an improved manner. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Marketing Communication In the present business scenario, it is very essential for every enterprise to communicate with the customers, consumers or as a whole to the target market for the products and services provided by the company. Target market can be referred to the group of individuals to which an enterprise is intended to attract for its products and services. A set of four principles of marketing mix generally referred as four P’s – product, price, place and promotion is used to persuade the target market. Among these four elements, promotion includes set of various modes such as advertisement, direct marketing, internet and merchandising and so on. These modes of promotion assist the management in communicating to the customers regarding the products and services of the enterprise. The process of communicating with the customers in order to deliver message and receive feedback is termed as marketing communication (Koekemoer and Bird, 2004). It has become a very vital concept in the ma rketing field due to changes, growth and development in the business and consumer market. 2.3 Integrated Marketing Communication Today, changes and development in political, social, economical and technological environment has lead to the emergence of new concept integrated marketing communication. According to Masterman and Wood (2006, p.14) â€Å"An integrated marketing communication can be defined as a programme which includes written, spoken and electronic interactions with stakeholder audiences.† This type of systematic planning through integrated communication facilitates the management in generating responsiveness, interest and participation in the enterprise, its activities, plans, personnel, products and services. It is very essential to integrate different marketing communication tools as it can be stated that today consumer is becoming more rational towards the products offered. Consumer market can be classified on the basis of different aspects such as class, religion, gender or locality. Communication through single database may create problems in delivering the accurate message to the cust omer (Smith and Zook, 2011). Hence, it can be stated that integration of different marketing communication tools has become very essential as every tool comprises its own benefits and limitations. Moreover, changes in consumer market and technological advancement has made it necessary for the enterprise to adopt integrated marketing communication tools in order to survive in such competitive business market. 2.4 Marketing Communication Process Market communication process comprises marketer – who sends the message to the customer regarding products and services being offered by the company with the help of different tools such as advertisement, internet, promotions, direct marketing and so on. However, it can be stated that feedback is most important element for accurate and complete communication process as every individual has its own values, beliefs and perceptions. This communicating process can be illustrated with the help of the following figure: Source: Smith et. al. (1999, p. 27) From the above figure, it can be stated that appropriate analysis in terms of increase in sales and customer interest activities will help the marketer in analysing the effect of communication tool adopted by the company. 2.4 Marketing Communication Mix With the changes in the corporate sector, there is a tremendous growth and development in the marketing field in terms of communicating tools and techniques. Earlier, advertisemen t and promotions were considered as the only effective tools for communicating with the target market. Over the recent years, technological advancement and changes in consumer behaviour has led to the increased usage of other tools such as internet, e-marketing, exhibitions and so on. These tools are termed as marketing communication mix which can be well represented in the following figure: Source: Smith and Taylor (2004) Every element of above stated marketing communication mix comprises its own features, benefits and limitations. Decision regarding adoption of a tool or integration of communicating tools is affected by different aspects present within and outside of the enterprise. 2.5 Factors Affecting the Decision regarding Adoption of Marketing Communication Tool There are different factors which affect the decision regarding adoption of marketing communication tools such as organisational structure, management policies, financial restraints, market research, competitors, technology requirements, changes and trends in the consumer behaviour and market. These aspects must be considered while deciding about the adoption of communication strategies by the enterprise. 2.6 Theoretical Aspect on Integrated Marketing Communications There is a remarkable growth in the marketing communication sector due to the development of information technological and other communication sectors. There is a massive development and innovation in communication tools in the form of event marketing, text messaging and so on (Kitchen et. al., 2006). There are different theories regarding use of integrated marketing communication in practice by the companies. According to Eagle et. al. (2007) practical implication of integrated marketing communication concept is undertaken during specific needs and conditions. Companies generally rely on old rigid rules of advertisement and promotions in order to communicate with the customers. On the contrary, Schultz (1995) states that this particular useful concept of integrated marketing communication is being widely used by the companies on regular basis along with the concept of advertisement. According to McArthur and Griffin (1997), advertisement and public relations are two most important c ommunicating tools in the corporate sectors. Yarbrough (1996) states that integrated marketing communication tools are regarded as an option for improving the sales of an enterprise. It is not considered as advancement in the promotional activities of the marketing mix. Use of combination of communicating tools increases the overall cost of the marketing operations. Therefore, companies generally do not prefer such concepts (McLaughlin, 1997). On the other hand, research by Schneider (1998) shows that agencies are developing themselves in integrated marketing communication practitioners and also trying to minimize the overall budgeted expenditure in using a set of communication tools. Hence, it can be stated that there are different theories by the researchers regarding implication of integrated marketing communication concept in the business world. This research study will help to examine the implication of such concept in Indian retail market. 2.7 Indian Retail Sector and Consumer Behaviour Indian retail sector comprises both national and international retail giants such as Reliance fresh, Big Bazaar, Pantaloons, Shopper’s Stop, Subhiksha, Allen Solly, Bharti-Walmart and so on. With the increase in competition in the retail sector, it has become very necessary for the retailers to influence more and more customers and also to retain old consumers with them. In the present modern world, consumers are becoming more demanding in terms of quality of commodities. This attentiveness has made the Indian customers to search for more reliable sources for buying such as well structured retail chains that possess an appropriate commercial settings and where the responsibility is well-defined. Indian consumer varies in terms of psychological, economical, social and certain traditional factors. There is a momentous growth and development in the country due to increased rate of literacy and other changes in the economic, political and social environment. Today, people prefer t hose marketing communication tools which provide them complete knowledge and understanding about the products offered and their feedback is valued. Previously, only advertisement and promotions were considered as prominent communication tools. But now in the present modern scenario, with the overall development in technology and education rate, other communication tools such as internet, exhibitions, merchandising, and direct marketing, e-marketing possess more and more significance among the consumers. Hence, this research study will help the retailers and readers in taking decisions regarding adoption of appropriate marketing communication mix according to the changing consumer behaviour, technological development, competition and overall economic and social changes in the Indian retail market. References Collins, H. (2010). Creative research: The theory and practice of research for the creative industries. Switzerland: AVA Publishing. Collis, J. and Hussey, R. (2003). Business research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. 2nd Ed. Palgrave Macmillian. Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, P. S. (2006). Business research methods. 9th Ed. McGraw-Hill. Eagle, L., Kitchen, P. J. and Bulmer, S. (2007). ‘Insights into interpreting integrated marketing communications: A two-nation qualitative comparison’, European Journal of marketing. 41(7/8): 956-970. Koekemoer, L. and Bird, S. (2004). Marketing communications. South Africa: Juta and Company Limited. Kitchen, P. J., Pelsmacker, P. D., Eagle, L. and Schultz, D. E. (2006). A reader in marketing communications. Oxon: Routledge. Masterman, G. and Wood, E. H. (2006). Innovative marketing communications: Strategies for the events industry. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. McArthur, D. N. and Griffin, T. (1997). †˜A market management view of integrated marketing communication’, Journal of advertisement research. 37(5): 19-26. McLaughlin, J. P. (1997). ‘Why is IMC taking so long? Blame it on the clients’. Marketing news. 31(19): 27-30. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2003). Research methods for business students. 4th Ed. England: Pearson. Schneider, L. (1998). ‘Agencies show that IMC can be good for bottom line’, Marketing news. 27(6): 12. Schultz, D. E. (1995). ‘Traditional advertising has role to play in IMC’, Marketing news. 29(18): 18. Smith P. R., Berry, C. and Pulford, A. (1999). Strategic marketing communications: New ways to build and integrated communications. 2nd Ed. London: Kogan. Smith, P. R. and Taylor, J. (2004). Marketing communications: An integrated approach. 4th Ed. London: Kogan. Smith, P. R. and Zook, Z. (2011). Marketing communications: An integrated approach. 5th Ed. London: Kogan. Yarbrough, J. F. (1996). ‘ Putting the pieces together’. Sales and marketing management. 148(9): 68. Dissertation on

The Experts Guide to the AP Psychology Exam

The Expert's Guide to the AP Psychology Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Taking AP Exams can be stressful, but if you know what to expect on test day, you can eliminate a lot of that anxiety. The AP Psychology exam is one of the more popular AP tests, and it has a pretty straightforward format and scoring system. In this article, I'll tell you what's on the AP Psychology test, how it's graded, and which prep methods you should use to get a great score. How Is the AP Psychology Exam Structured? The AP Psych test consists of two sections: a multiple-choice section and a free-response section. Section 1: Multiple Choice Here is a quick rundown of the multiple-choice section format: Number of Questions: 100 Time: 70 minutes Scoring: Worth two-thirds of your final AP Psych score Questions on the multiple-choice section will typically ask you to do the following: Use psychological terms to label specific scenarios Show that you understand concepts from psychological theories Understand the scientific and physiological basis of psychological theories and disorders, and give appropriate explanations Show that you understand the scientific method and how to interpret findings from research studies Section 2: Free Response Here is an overview of the free-response section on the AP Psychology test: Number of Questions: 2 Time: 50 minutes Scoring: Worth one-third of your final AP Psych score Free-response AP Psych questions will ask you to do the following: Relate different content areas within the realm of psychology Evaluate and analyze theoretical perspectives and psychological concepts Answer in complete sentences and follow the directions of the prompt Overview of AP Psychology Test Overall, AP Psychology is one of the shorter AP exams, clocking in at just two hours in total. The exam will take place on Thursday, May 9, 2019, at noon. Ah, May. The flowers are blooming, the birds are chirping- and the rustle of freshly opened AP test booklets fills the air. How Is the AP Psychology Exam Scored? Now that you understand the structure of the AP Psychology exam, it's time to learn how your final AP score is calculated. As I mentioned, the multiple-choice section is worth two-thirds (66.6%) of your score, and the free-response section is worth one-third (33.3%) of your score. For multiple choice, scoring is relatively simple. You get a point for every question you answer correctly. No points are deducted for incorrect answers or questions you left blank. You can earn a maximum of 100 points on the multiple-choice section. Free-response questions are reviewed by AP graders. You’ll get a score out of 7 or 8 for each of the two questions. Each of these scores is then multiplied by 3.125 so that together they make up one-third of your total raw score. Your raw score is then compared with the curve calculated by the College Board to see what score you’ll get on the final 1-5 AP scale. The following table offers estimated raw-to-AP-score conversions for the AP Psychology test. Keep in mind that each year the curve is slightly different, so this will lead to a rough estimate of your score, not an exact prediction. Raw Composite Score AP Score Percentage of Students Earning Each Score (2018) 113-150 5 21.2% 93-112 4 26.3% 77-92 3 18.1% 65-76 2 14.5% 0-64 1 19.9% Source: The College Board For example, let’s say you got 55 questions right on the multiple-choice section and scored a four on one free-response question and a five on the other. This would add up to a raw score of 83 because 55 + (4*3.125) + (5*3.125)= 83.125. Based on the chart above, this score would then translate to a 3 for a final AP score. Topics and Example Questions on the AP Psychology Test In this section, I’ll give you some real-life examples of test questions so you can get a better idea of what the AP Psychology test is actually like. As a preface to the questions, here are the topics you’ll see on AP Psych, ordered from most to least common. You should consult this list to make sure that you've fully reviewed the content for the test and aren't missing anything important (especially in the most common topic areas). Topic % of Questions Research Methods (how experiments are conducted, statistics, ethics) 8-10% Biological Bases of Behavior (anatomy, genetics, medical techniques) 8-10% Cognition (memory, language, problem-solving) 8-10% Social Psychology (group dynamics, attribution processes, conformity/compliance/obedience, cultural influences, antisocial behavior, attitudes) 8-10% Abnormal Psychology (disorders, theories of origin, diagnoses) 7-9% Developmental Psychology (nature-nurture psychological dynamics, general theories of development, research methods) 7-9% Learning (types of conditioning, social learning, cognitive processes) 7-9% Sensation and Perception (perceptual processes, sensory mechanisms, attention, Signal Detection Theory) 6-8% Motivation and Emotion (theories and biological bases of motivation and emotion, stress, social motives) 6-8% Personality (personality theories, assessment techniques, growth and adjustment) 5-7% Testing and Individual Differences (standardization and norms, validity of testing models, measuring intelligence, ethics in testing) 5-7% Treatment of Psychological Disorders (types of therapy and treatment approaches) 5-7% States of Consciousness (sleep and dreaming, hypnosis, psychoactive drug effects) 2-4% History and Approaches (history of psychology, different fields of psychology) 2-4% Source: The College Board Multiple Here is a sample question from the official AP Psychology course description: Which of the following behaviors is most clearly associated with Jean Piaget’s concrete operational stage? A. Sally thinks everyone’s favorite color is blue because it is her favorite color.B. Tom received the highest grade in his philosophy course.C. Gracie forgets about her toy because it is under her blanket.D. Nikos can consider both the height and width of a container.E. Ava does not like being around unfamiliar people. To answer this question, you need to be familiar with Piaget’s psychological theory and the behaviors that correspond with each of his proposed stages. Piaget’s theory of development has four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operations. The concrete operational stage typically happens between the ages of 7 and 11. This stage is when a child becomes capable of applying logical and operational thought to physical objects but isn’t quite capable of abstract logic yet. Let’s go through the possibilities! Choice A doesn’t have anything to do with the concrete operational stage, so we can eliminate that answer. Choice B seems as though it’s beyond the concrete operational stage. Philosophy involves a lot of abstract reasoning! This choice can be eliminated as well. The child in Choice C is too underdeveloped. Kids in the concrete operational stage have spatial awareness, so we can get rid of this one. Choice D seems to make sense! This is the stage at which kids start to understand logically that a tall, skinny glass might hold the same amount of water as a short, wide glass. Choice E appears to be unrelated to the concrete operational stage, so we can eliminate it. Therefore, we can conclude that Choice D is the correct answer. "I ga ga, therefore I goo goo." Tom, please stop. Free The following free-response question was on the 2012 AP Psychology exam: 1a. Annabelle is planning to apply to college but has not yet decided where she will apply. Describe how the following psychological concepts and terms relate to her choice. Availability heuristic Compliance Prefrontal cortex Prospective memory 1b. Explain how the following psychological concepts could relate to how well Annabelle adapts when she begins her college career. Agoraphobia Crystallized intelligence Ethnocentrism For this free-response question, you must understand what each of the terms mean and how they relate to this specific situation. To earn your first point on part a, you have to explain how the availability heuristic might have affected Annabelle’s college decision. The scoring guidelines state, "Students must establish that Annabelle’s decision-making processes or her choices about college, or both, are influenced by information that comes most readily to mind." For example, you might say that Annabelle decided to apply to UCLA because her parents had gone there and talk to her about it frequently, so this option was at the forefront of her mind in the decision-making process. You would then go on to relate the three remaining terms to Annabelle's college-search process. You could earn a maximum of four points in part a of this question (one point for each description). Part b asks you to explain how certain psychological concepts might relate to Annabelle's adaptation to her new college environment. For agoraphobia, the scoring guidelines say, "Students must explain how Annabelle’s fear inhibits her from engaging in college life." This could be something like describing how Annabelle’s fear of crowds caused her to skip orientation activities and miss out on the chance to make new friends. You'd need to do the same for the other two terms to earn the full three points for part b. For a more detailed description of how responses to this question were scored, you can review the scoring guidelines here. "Does free will exist, or am I just a made-up person who exists solely to provide context for a question on an exam taken by beings in an alternate universe?" Oh, Annabelle, save it for college. What’s the Best Way to Prep for the AP Psychology Exam? If you’re aware of the structure and content of the AP Psychology exam, you can use specific prep methods to help you succeed on it. Here are five tips guaranteed to give you a higher chance of earning a great AP Psych score. #1: Take Practice Tests The best way to prepare for standardized tests like this one is to take practice tests so that you have a good idea of where your weaknesses lie. Practice tests will also help you get used to the format of the AP Psych test, as well as the types of questions it asks. The College Board offers practice free-response questions from previous years (up to 2017). You can also access three full-length official AP Psychology practice tests as free PDFS: 2012 AP Psychology Exam 1999 AP Psychology Exam 1994 AP Psychology Exam To simulate the real testing experience, I recommend printing out the test and writing/bubbling in your answers to the questions rather than doing them on the computer. You should also time yourself accurately so you can be sure you don't run out of time on the actual exam. After you take a practice test or two, review your answers to see which content areas gave you the most trouble. Focus on going over the topics for which you had the highest concentration of incorrect answers. #2: Use the Topic Breakdown Information For AP Psychology, we know exactly which topics will be covered and how frequently we can expect to see them on the test. This is valuable information you can use to your advantage when studying. Specifically, spend more time reviewing unfamiliar topics that are especially common on the exam. It's better to know the ins and outs of a high-frequency topic super well than to have only a rudimentary knowledge of two low-frequency topics. Prioritize wisely! A topic breakdown sounds almost like a topic breakdance! Am I relating to the youth yet? #3: Learn to Budget Your Time Appropriately This is something you can do in conjunction with taking practice tests. On the AP Psychology test, you only have about 40 seconds for each multiple-choice question. This means you have to be smart about skipping questions that are taking up too much of your time. If you take a practice test and find that you’re often running out of time, you might need to push yourself to work faster or move on from difficult questions more quickly. You’ll also have just 25 minutes for each free-response question on the test. The good news is that free-response questions on AP Psychology are scored based on the information you provide and not on your mastery of essay format. In short, you don’t have to write an introduction and a conclusion, which will save you a lot of time. #4: Go Over Important Terms On the AP Psych exam, it’s crucial for you to know the meanings of key terms related to the course. Questions often ask you to explain how a scenario relates to a certain psychological concept. But if you don’t remember what the concept means, you won’t be able to answer the question. There are lots of confusing terms in AP Psychology, which is why it’s so important that you take the time to compile them and go through them methodically when you study. This is especially true of terms you learned at the beginning of the school year, as they'll be less fresh in your mind when the time comes to take the test. #5: Avoid Cramming There’s a lot to remember for AP Psychology, and you aren’t going to be able to stuff it all in your brain in one night. For courses like this that are memorization-heavy, it’s best to get in the habit of studying as you go along and taking the time to review old material periodically. If you can gradually build up your knowledge throughout the school year and avoid completely forgetting what you learned at the beginning of class, the exam will feel much less stressful for you. Every one or two months, do a comprehensive review of everything you’ve learned so far to refresh your memory. You might be surprised by how little you have to study for the AP Psych test at the end of the school year when everyone else is freaking out! And remember, ladies, you're never too busy to throw on a little eye glitter between study sessions. Recap: What to Know About the AP Psychology Test The AP Psychology exam is a relatively short AP test. However, because it encompasses a variety of content areas, it's important to know all the key terms and psychological theories that are covered in the course. In order to succeed on this test, you must be able to connect specific psychological terminology to a wide range of different scenarios. Overall, AP Psychology is probably one of the easier AP exams, but that doesn't mean you should skip studying. Make sure you take official practice tests and are fully aware of the exam's format and content so you won't be caught off-guard on test day! What's Next? Still not sure if AP Psychology is the right choice for you? Learn more about AP classes and tests to see whether it's worth it to take them. You can also dip your toe in the AP Psych pool with this article about Stockholm Syndrome (something you'll likely learn about in AP Psych). What do AP scores mean for your future? Find out more about how AP credit works at colleges. Trying to plan out your schedule? Read this article to get a better idea of how many AP classes you should take based on your college goals. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Effects of the Global Recession on the Event Management Market Essay

Effects of the Global Recession on the Event Management Market - Essay Example Two primary data collection instruments were used to comprise the research design for this research. The design was carried out in two parts, the first part of the design utilized a cross-sectional survey to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The second part employed semi-structured interviews to explicate on the survey data that was initially collected. The usage of this research design can be described as a mixed quantitative-qualitative model that blends explanatory mixed method and triangulation designs . Triangulation method is very beneficial since weaknesses of the qualitative are offset by the strengths of the quantitative data, and vice versa. Explanatory method design is very useful since elaborations and interpretations of the previously collected data are analysed. Using these mixed methods in this research will give a comprehensive and completely integrated method in this study’s research design. Data collected in this study used two primary instrumen ts, a partly structured interviews and a cross-sectional survey. Cross-sectional surveys are defines as the single surveys that that are capable of gathering a broad-ranging data from a sample at a single point in time. Cross-sectional survey is very insightful since it helps the researcher to grasp and comprehend attitudes, opinions and beliefs of a population quickly. The interviews were used because they have a capability of exploring the concerns that are related to global recessions on the event management market in London.

Learning Theories and Learning Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Learning Theories and Learning Styles - Essay Example Learning theories and learning styles Learning theories are described as frameworks that explain modes and ways in which information is processed, absorbed and retained when tutoring or receiving information. Before generating a learning theory, Brown & Ryoo (2008) argue that environmental cognitive and emotional influences should be effectively considered. The authors also point out that past experiences in a learner’s life should also be considered. All these factors are impactful when understanding the way in which views and understanding are changed or acquired as well enabling one to know the ways in which knowledge can be retained (Radin, 2009). When developing learning theories, De Jong (2010) argues that it is more advantageous to study the fluctuating factors in the learner than studying the environment. Additionally, the author sensitizes on the need to study the complexities in the human memory to generate effective and appropriate learning theories. Compare different learning styles Development of lear ning styles is based on the ability and preferences of different individuals. According to Keefe & Jenkins (2008) development of learning styles became a need since different learners displayed different forms in the way they understood and retained information. The authors further argue that the mode and way of teaching cannot be generalized to fit the preferences of all students. For this reason, educators and educational institutions have come up with learning curriculums that incorporate different learning styles. ... This enables learners to have a range of preferences from which they can choose what makes their educational experiences interesting and fruitful. There are 7 learning styles. They comprise of: Visual This particular learning style incorporates tangible tools in its learning systems. Learners preferring this style understand information when using pictures, images and spatial information. For instance, when teaching on the formation of landscapes, a tutor is advised to use images to explain the phenomenon. Jackson (2008) also gives an example on the application of the learning style by arguing that calculating the size of shapes and objects a tutor must use images and objects for a learner to effectively relate to the information. Aural This learning style incorporates the use of music and sound as learning tools. Aural learning styles are mostly used in educational institutions for the visually challenged (Radin, 2009). The tutor in this case makes a recording of a particular subjec ts or information. In some cases the tutor may use music to pass pieces of information to the learners. Verbal This style is also known as linguistics. In this case, the learner prefers the use of words either written or in speech. This is the most commonly used learning styles as many learners prefer the style due to its efficiency in understanding and record keeping abilities. Physical It is also known as kinesthetic. This particular learning system uses the sense of touch and the body to pass information. The style is most a preference to students who are visually and verbally impaired. Radin (2009) points out that the learning system mostly incorporates the use of hands. Logical (Mathematical) The learning system is